Seed dispersal is a critical ecological function that maintains plant community structure and diversity, connectivity between plant populations, and their persistence in disturbed habitats. Most tropical woody plants rely on vertebrates to disperse their seeds to suitable sites and their fruits are important food resources that sustain animal populations. Unsurprisingly, ecological functions such as seed dispersal are also impacted by the same anthropogenic drivers of biodiversity loss. This project proposes to study mutualistic interactions of fleshy-fruited plant species and their frugivores across a gradient of disturbance in a mixed-use landscape in the central Western Ghats. Mutualistic interactions using seed dispersal effectiveness approach which helps assess both quantitative (visitation and fruit removal rates) and qualitative (fruit handling behaviour) aspects across different frugivore groups, will be used. The study will include a subset of plant species that are harvested for their fruits and their closely related species that are not harvested.