02387nas a2200205   4500000000100000000000100001008004100002260003300043100001600076700001800092700001800110700002600128700001700154700002500171245006300196856004800259300001200307520184000319020002202159       2021                            d  c01/2021bSpringeraSingapore1 aSamba Kumar1 aUllas Karanth1 aJames Nichols1 aSrinivas Vaidyanathan1 aBeth Gardner1 aJagdish Krishnaswamy00aConservation of Tropical Forest Ungulates: The Way Forward  uhttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6934-0_5  a185-1953 a1. A clear understanding of the complex interplay among factors such as species-specific life-history traits, environmental characteristics and anthropogenic impacts is necessary to provide the basis for mounting species recovery efforts for ungulate populations in tropical forests. However, reliable assessment of such drivers of ungulate abundance patterns poses many methodological challenges. 2. The previous chapters of this monograph provided a rigorous hierarchical spatial modeling framework to assess factors governing ungulate-habitat relationships that influenced patterns of spatial distribution and densities of five large ungulate species in the Nagarahole-Bandipur landscape. Using our results, we also developed methods that objectively evaluated management effectiveness. 3. In this concluding chapter, we provide an overall perspective on understanding and managing tropical forest ungulates in the Nagarahole-Bandipur landscape and in regions beyond. Specifically, we outline the utility, as well some limitations, of the methods we deployed and the results we generated as lessons from a rigorous macro-ecological study. We also discuss how the effects of ecological and management related variables are species-specific, emphasizing the need for targeted and informed management interventions. 4. We describe the general tenets of a structured decision making approach to adaptive wildlife management that we propose for effectively managing ungulate populations in future. We conclude that the hierarchical modeling and estimation approach used in this study has much to offer for advancing such an adaptive management approach to our five study species in the Nagarahole-Bandipur landscape as well as to many other species in tropical forests where it is practical to implement similar monitoring methodologies.  a978-981-15-6934-0